Concern in Current Research Corrective Options for Future Research 1. Lack of objective and validated assessment tools (a) Use combination of subjective and objective assessments (b) Use validated instruments (even if not validated on police officers) (c) Use archival sources, that is, records 2. Lack of comparison sample population (a) Use control groups (b) Diversify sample populations by demographics and rank. 3. Lack of consumer population assessment (a) Measure perceptions within the consumers and consulting agencies. (b) Record review: recidivism, treatment outcome, arrest rates, response rates, etc. Research that focuses on the role of consulting agencies to LEO